L3
Moldavian-Ukrainian meadow steppes (Stipa tirsa, Stipa pennata, Carex humilis) alternating with hornbeam-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Prunus avium), in the south with Tatarian maple-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Acer tataricum)
Description
The meadow steppes are rich in continental species. Xerophilic grasses (Stipa tirsa, Stipa pennata, Stipa capillata, Festuca rupicola, Festuca valesiaca) as well as Carex humilis set the tone. Continental dicotyledonens are also frequent.
In the pedunculate oak forests one finds maple species, Ulmus minor and Pyrus pyraster in the lower tree layer; in the western part Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus also occur. The shrub layer is sometimes very dense, while the herb layer is dominated by grasses.
L3a: Forest
L3b (steppe):
Biome:
Shrubs: wild_shrub (generally sparse distribution; clumps on hillsides)
Grass mix:
Clumps of goldenrod; scattered dogs_mercury
Tree Layer
Quercus robur (Common Oak), in the west with admixture of Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), Acer pseudoplatanus (Field Maple), Prunus avium (Common Linden), further in the underwood Acer tataricum (Field Maple (small-medium)), Acer campestre (Field Maple), Ulmus minor (English Elm), Pyrus pyraster (Pear); on northern slopes with Tilia cordata (Common Linden), Fraxinus excelsior (Common Ash)
Common Oak, Sessile Oak, Hornbeam, Field Maple, Common Linden, small-medium Field Maple, English Elm, Pear, on northern slopes Common Ash
Shrub Layer
L3a forests: Cornus sanguinea (Fruiting Dogwood), Staphylea pinnata (wild_shrub), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Euonymus verrucosa (Wild Pear), Rhamnus cathartica (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn), Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), Prunus fruticosa (Cherry (tiny)), Prunus tenella
L3b meadow steppes: Chamaecytisus austriacus (wild_shrub)
Lianas
No detail
Herb Layer
L3a: in forests: Vinca minor (sweet_woodruff), Melica uniflora (lush_grass), Carex pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Asarum europaeum (wild_parsley), Stellaria holostea (grass), Polygonatum biflorum (greater_wood_rush), Galium odoratum (sweet_woodruff), Poa nemoralis (lush_grass), Brachypodium sylvaticum (lush_grass), Fragaria viridis (lingonberry_bush), Carex michelii (lush_grass);
L3b: in steppes: Stipa tirsa, S. pennata, S. capillata, Festuca rupicola, F. valesiaca, Poa angustifolia, Bromus inermis, Carex humilis, Trifolium montanum, Filipendula vulgaris (fern), Galium verum (goldenrod), Salvia pratensis, Adonis vernalis (dogs_mercury), Paeonia tenuifolia (dead_grass), Achillea setacea (wood_horsetail)
Nahardor, along the lower Celduin as well as much of southern Rohan
