J14
Catalonian-Provencal meso-Mediterranean holm oak forests (Quercus ilex) with Quercus coccifera, Euphorbia characias, Viburnum tinus
Description
Dense, evergreen, three- to four-layered, more or less closed, uniform, relatively species-deficient (average number of species: 23) holm oak forests with additions of Pinus pinaster. The many shrubs and lianas (particularly ivy) render the stands almost impervious. In its optimal state a cool-fresh internal climate prevails. The often only weakly closed herb layer harbours many Mediterranean species (particularly species of the Quercetea ilicis and lower syntaxa).
Tree Layer
Quercus ilex (Holm Oak), Quercus pubescens (Downy Oak), locally Pinus pinaster (Maritime Pine) and Pinus pinea (Stone Pine)
Shrub Layer
Quercus coccifera (Oak Bush), Quercus ilex (Holm Oak Bush), Viburnum tinus (English Elm Bush), Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree), Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic Tree), Phillyrea latifolia (Green Olive), Cytisus villosus (wild_shrub), Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood), Erica arborea (Greek Juniper Bush), Daphne gnidium (wild_shrub), Rhamnus alaternus (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn)
Lianas
Smilax aspera (ivy-variant trees), Rubia peregrina (sweet_woodruff), Tamus communis (ivy-variant trees), Lonicera implexa (Common Ash Bush), Rosa sempervirens (English Elm Bush), Clematis flammula (Flowering Alder Buckthorn), Hedera helix (ivy-variant trees), Rubus ulmifolius (Fruiting Bramble)
Herb Layer
Brachypodium phoenicoides (kentucky_bluegrass), Brachypodium retusum (woodland_sedge), Asplenium onopteris (fern), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Carlina corymbosa (dogs_mercury), Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii (sweet_woodruff), Hyparrhenia hirta (greater_fen_sedge), Asparagus acutifolius (wood_horsetail), Ruscus aculeatus (Fruiting Holly Bush), Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. pinnatifidum (lavender), Euphorbia characias (green_spurge), Carex distachya (green_meadow_fescue), Carex halleriana (small_fescue), Stachys officinalis (sweet_woodruff)
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Hypnum cupressiforme (green_sphagnum_moss), Scorpiurium circinatum, Amblystegium serpens, Fissidens taxifolius, Isothecium alopecuroides
Coastal Anfalas
