H1
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, scrub and grasslands
Description
Mosaic habitat of different vegetation types, caused by variations in soil, topography, and sun/wind exposure. 1a: forests of Pinus brutia and Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra; Cedrus libani occurs at high altitudes, by itself or in mixed coniferous forests. P. brutia is more common in the Turkish coastal region, and P. halepensis in the Levant. 1b: dry Quercus spp. woodlands, with an understory of grasses, herbs and geophytes. Occasionally more sparse canopy, becoming more of a savanna. Generally on drier eastern slopes. 1c: broadleaf sclerophyllous shrublands on coastal slopes in southern Anatolia and along the Levantine coast. An open-canopied evergreen woodland, with an understory of shrubs, herbs, grasses, and geophytes.
Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
REMOVE COW PARSLEY FROM NVC AREA
H1a (pine forests):
Biome:
Trees: Maritime Pine and Swiss Pine dominate; Cedar is dominant in some locales. Occasional Stone Pine, Bulgarian Fir, Cretan Maple, Greek Juniper, Sessile Oak, Whitebeam
Shrubs: Crab Apple Bush, Greek Juniper Bush, English Elm Bush
Dense patches of cross_leaved_heath; clumps of sweet_woodruff, harebell, goldenrod and wild_parsley; rare alpine_sow_thistle, oxeye_daisy, dandelion, horse_chestnut_tree_sapling and cotton_grass
H1b (open oak woodlands):
Biome:
Trees: Cork Oak, Common Oak (rare), Holm Oak, Almond and Whitebeam
Bushes: Downy Oak Bush, Greek Juniper Bush, Hawthorn
Grass mix:
Clumps of wormwood and rosebay_willowherb; scattered poppy and greater_wood_rush
H1c (shrubland):
Biome:
Trees: thickets of Kermes Oak; Olive, Carob, Mastic Tree and Strawberry Tree are also common; Green Olive, Almond, Terebinth, Wild Service Tree and Whitebeam are less common
Shrubs: common Downy Oak Bush, Lemon Bush, Flowering Gorse Bush; occasional Fruiting Rowan Bush and English Elm Bush; rare Pear Bush
Clumps of sweet_woodruff, harebell, rosebay_willow
Tree Layer
a). Pinus brutia (Maritime Pine), Pinus halepensis (Maritime Pine (small)), Pinus pinea (Stone Pine), Pinus nigra (Swiss Pine), Cedrus libani (Cedar) (locally), Abies cilicica (Bulgarian Fir), Acer tauriculum (Cretan Maple), Juniperus excelsa (Greek Juniper), Juniperus oxycedrus (Greek Juniper Bush), Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak);
b). Quercus ithaburensis (Cork Oak), Quercus cerris (Common Oak), Quercus brantii (Holm Oak), Quercus infectoria (Downy Oak Bush), Juniperus oxycedrus (Greek Juniper Bush);
c). Olea europaea (Olive), Cerotonia siliqua (Carob), Quercus coccifera (Kermes Oak), Quercus infectoria (Downy Oak Bush), Pistacia terebinthus (Terebinth), Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic Tree), Arbutus adrachne (Strawberry Tree), Styrax officinalis (Lemon Bush), Phillyrea latifolia (Green Olive)
Shrub Layer
a). Cotoneaster nummularius (Crab Apple Bush), Sorbus umbellata (Whitebeam)
b). Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Prunus korshinskyi (Almond), Sorbus umbellata (Whitebeam)
c). Colutea cilicica (Pear Bush), Daphne oleoides (bilberry_bush), Prunus korshinskyi (Almond), Rhus coriaria (Fruiting Rowan Bush), Sorbus torminalis (Wild Service Tree), Sorbus umbellata (Whitebeam), Spartium junceum (Flowering Gorse Bush)
Lianas
a). Coronilla varia (cross_leaved_heath), Hedera helix (ivy-variant trees), Lonicera etrusca (English Elm Bush), Rubia rotundifolia (sweet_woodruff)
c). Rosa canina (English Elm Bush), Rubia rotundifolia (sweet_woodruff)
Herb Layer
a). Astragalus spp. (sweet_woodruff), Asyneuma virgatum (harebell), Campanula cymbalaria (harebell), Cicerbita mulgedioides (alpine_sow_thistle), Erigeron libanoticus (oxeye_daisy), Galium verum (goldenrod), Galium canum (sweet_woodruff), Inula salicina (dandelion), Lamium garganicum (wild_parsley), Prangos asperula (horse_chestnut_tree_sapling), Senecio doriiformis (dandelion), Sideritis libanotica (cotton_grass)
b). Astragalus gummifer (wormwood), Centranthus longiflorus (rosebay_willowherb), Glaucium leiocarpum (poppy), Salvia multicaulis (greater_wood_rush), grass mix
c). Anchonium billardierei (orpine), Anthemis tinctoria (buttercups), Astragalus spp. (sweet_woodruff), Centranthus longiflorus (rosebay_willowherb), Galium peplidifolium (sweet_woodruff), Micromeria myrtifolia (sea_arrowgrass), Morina persica (rosebay_willowherb), Phlomis chrysophylla (dead_grass), Salvia tomentosa (blue_orchid), Tanacetum aucheri (buttercups), Ziziphora clinopodioides (thyme, sweet_woodruff)
Forests along the Harnen and the Umbar coast
