G37
Aquitanian mixed downy oak forests (Quercus pubescens, Quercus petraea, Quercus robur) with Rubia peregrina
Description
Multi-layered high forests; dominant Quercus pubescens in the tree layer, a relatively dense and species-rich shrub layer, a herb layer with lianas, hemicryptophytes and geophytes.
Biome:
Trees: Downy Oak (dominant); admixed Sessile Oak, Field Maple, Cretan Maple, Hornbeam (not in the coastal region); rare Common Ash, Cherry, Elm and Beech
Include mossy- and ivy-variant trees
Shrubs: Elder Bush, Linden Bush, Fruiting Dogwood, Lebrethron, Spindle, Hawthorn, Hazel, Blackthorn, Crab Apple, Pear, Fruiting Alder Buckthorn, Fruiting Holly Bush, Fruiting Rosehip Bush, Fruiting Bramble, Boxwood, English Elm Bush; occasional Juniper
Fairly dense cover
Ground cover (in patches): sweet_woodruff, bottle_sedge, lush_grass, dogs_mercury, wild_parsley; small clumps of wild_shrub, green_spurge; isolated blue_orchid, oxeye_daisy, wormwood
Tree Layer
Quercus pubescens (Downy Oak), admixed Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Sorbus torminalis (Wild Service Tree), Acer campestre (Field Maple), Acer opalus (Field Maple (small-medium)), Carpinus betulus (not in the coastal region) (Hornbeam), exceptionally Fraxinus excelsior (Common Ash), Prunus avium (Cherry), Ulmus minor (Elm), Fagus sylvatica (Beech)
Shrub Layer
Ligustrum vulgare (Elder Bush), Viburnum lantana (Linden Bush), Cornus sanguinea (Fruiting Dogwood), Cornus mas (Lebrethron), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Crataegus laevigata (Hawthorn), Corylus avellana (Hazel), Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), Malus sylvestris (Crab Apple), Pyrus pyraster (Pear), Rhamnus cathartica (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn), Rosa arvensis (wild_shrub), Ruscus aculeatus (Fruiting Holly Bush), Berberis vulgaris (Fruiting Rosehip Bush), Rubus fruticosus agg. (Fruiting Bramble), Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood), occasionally Juniperus communis (Juniper)
Oak, Alder, Apple and Willow and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
Lonicera periclymenum (English Elm Bush), Lonicera etrusca (English Elm Bush), Hedera helix (ivy-variant trees), Tamus communis (ivy-variant trees), Rubia peregrina (sweet_woodruff)
Herb Layer
Arum maculatum (sweet_woodruff), Carex flacca (bottle_sedge), Brachypodium sylvaticum (lush_grass), Epipactis helleborine (blue_orchid), Viola reichenbachiana (sweet_woodruff), Mercurialis perennis (dogs_mercury), Ranunculus ficaria (wild_parsley), Euphorbia amygdaloides (green_spurge), Melica uniflora (lush_grass), Sanicula europaea (oxeye_daisy), Vinca minor (sweet_woodruff), Neottia nidus-avis (wormwood)
Not used but might as well keep in the document thermophilous species: Festuca heterophylla (meadow_fescue), Iris foetidissima (jungle_ground_cover), Arum italicum (sweet_woodruff), Primula veris (sweet_woodruff), Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum (greater_wood_rush), Helleborus foetidus (greater_wood_rush), Melittis melissophyllum (wood_horsetail), Lathyrus niger (wild_shrub), Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (wild_overgrown_nettles), Polygonatum odoratum (lily_of_the_valley), Orchis mascula (lily_of_the_valley), Orchis purpurea (lily_of_the_valley), Viola hirta (sweet_woodruff), Anthericum ramosum (bottle_sedge), Limodorum abortivum;
Small patches in Minhiriath
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