G19
Illyrian-west Moesian Balkan oak-bitter oak forests (Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto, partly Quercus pubescens, Quercus petraea agg.) with Genista species and Crocus veluchensis
Description
Moderately high, three-layered forests, sometimes with an upper and lower tree layer, with many thermophilous and some mesophilous species.
G19:
Biome:
Trees: Common Oak dominates; partly Downy Oak, Sessile Oak, Wild Service Tree, Common Ash, Field Maple, Hornbeam, Elm, Wild Pear, Crab Apple, Common Linden
Include ivy-variant trees
Shrubs: Lebethron, Hawthorn, Linden Bush, Elder Bush, English Elm Bush, Hazel, Spindle, Greek Juniper Bush, Flowering Alder Buckthorn
Groundcover (in patches): sweet woodruff, green_meadow_fescue, woodland_sedge, lush_grass, bottle_sedge, common_meadow_grass, wood_horsetail, red_clover_flowers, greater_wood_rush, cross_leaved_heath, simbelmyne; isolated yellow_wolfs_bane, lingonberry_bush, horse_chestnut_tree_sapling, wild_shrub, oxeye_daisy, wild_parsley, meadow_saffron, purple_wolfs_bane, melancholy_thistle
Tree Layer
Quercus cerris (Common Oak), locally admixed Quercus frainetto (Common Oak), Quercus pubescens (Downy Oak), Quercus virgiliana (Common Oak), Quercus petraea agg. (Sessile Oak), Sorbus torminalis (Wild Service Tree), Sorbus domestica (Wild Service Tree), Fraxinus ornus (Common Ash), Acer campestre (Field Maple), Acer tataricum (Field Maple, small-medium), Acer hyrcanum (Field Maple), Carpinus orientalis (Hornbeam, tiny-medium), Ulmus minor (Elm), Pyrus pyraster (Wild Pear), Malus sylvestris (Crab Apple), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), Tilia tomentosa (Common Linden), Tilia platyphyllos (Common Linden)
Shrub Layer
Cornus mas (Lebrethron), Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Ligustrum vulgare (Elder Bush), Viburnum lantana (Linden Bush), Rosa canina (English Elm Bush), Rosa gallica, Corylus avellana (Hazel), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Juniperus oxycedrus (Greek Juniper Bush)
Lianas
Clematis vitalba (Flowering Alder Buckthorn), Tamus communis (ivy-variant trees)
Herb Layer
Genista tinctoria (yellow_wolfs_bane), Genista carinalis (lingonberry_bush), Physospermum cornubiense (horse_chestnut_tree_sapling), Lathyrus niger (wild_shrub), Lathyrus pannonicus subsp. collinus (oxeye_daisy), Lathyrus laxiflorus (sweet_woodruff), Lathyrus alpestris (sweet_woodruff), Festuca heterophylla (green_meadow_fescue), Carex caryophyllea (woodland_sedge), Carex depauperata (lush_grass), Carex flacca subsp. serrulata (bottle_sedge), Carex pairae (common_meadow_grass), Galium aristatum (wood_horsetail), Galium pseudoaristatum (wood_horsetail), Cruciata glabra (wood_horsetail), Potentilla micrantha (wild_parsley), Silene coronaria (red_clover_flowers), Silene viridiflora (greater_wood_rush), Primula veris subsp. Columnae (sweet_woodruff), Colchicum bivonae (meadow_saffron), Doronicum orientale (wild_parsley), Brachypodium sylvaticum (lush_grass), Dactylis polygama (woodland_sedge), Festuca valesiaca (green_meadow_fescue), Thymus kosteleckianus (sweet_woodruff), Thymus praecox subsp. jankae (cross_leaved_heath), Stachys scardica (purple_wolfs_bane), Stachys germanica (purple_wolfs_bane), Trifolium pignantii (simbelmyne), Trifolium medium subsp. balcanicum (red_clover_flowers), Centaurea stenolepis (melancholy_thistle), Sesleria latifolia (bottle_sedge), Scorzonera hispanica (greater_wood_rush), Rubus canescens (wild_shrub)
Northern Lebennin
