F9
Atlantic-subatlantic hygrophilous birch-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Betula pubescens) with Frangula alnus, Molinia caerulea, partly Myrica gale, Carex nigra
Description
Quercus robur, Betula pubescens and Betula pendula form the tree layer (60-80 %). Sometimes Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aucuparia and Populus tremula may be added. In the poorly to moderately developed shrub layer Frangula alnus, Sorbus aucuparia and upgrowths of the stand forming tree species are encountered in particular. The herb layer (80-100 %) consisting of undemanding moisture-loving and moisture-tolerant grasses and herbs is often dominated by Molinia. The moss layer is relatively species-rich and features many moisture indicators.
F9a (standard):
Biome:
Trees: Common Oak, Downy Birch and Silver Birch dominate (60-80%); occasional appearances of Common Beech, European Aspen, Scots Pine; very rare Common Alder
- Frequent “Mossy” and “Ivy” tree variants
- In Fangorn, include many “Old” tree variants
Shrubs: Alder Buckthorn, Rowan trees, small clumps of Fruiting Bramble and English Elm Bush
Undergrowth (generally very dense; 80-100% coverage): common_cow_wheat, lush_grass, fern_1, bracken, fern, birdsfoot_trefoil, bottle_sedge, dry_reeds, sweet_woodruff, wild_parsley, bilberry_bush, lingonberry_bush, greater_wood_rush, alpine_bearberry; occasional wild_shrub
F9b (damper areas):
Biome:
Trees: Common Alder dominates; Common Oak, Silver Birch, Downy Birch, European Aspen also appear
- Frequent “Mossy” and “Ivy” tree variants
- In Fangorn, include many “Old” tree variants
Shrubs (not in waterlogged areas): Alder Buckthorn, Rowan trees, small clumps of Fruiting Bramble and English Elm Bush
Undergrowth (generally very dense; 80-100% coverage): sweet_grass (often dominant), cross_leaved_heath, deergrass, sweet_woodruff, rushes, green_meadow_fescue, wild_shrub (small clumps)
Tree Layer
Quercus robur (Common Oak), Betula pubescens (Downy Birch), Betula pendula (Silver Birch), Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech), Populus tremula (European Aspen), locally Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine), partly Alnus glutinosa (Common Alder)
Common Oak, Downy Birch, Silver Birch, locally Scots Pine, partly Common Alder
Shrub Layer
Young growth of trees, Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan), Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn), Rubus fruticosus agg. (Fruiting Bramble), Rubus idaeus (Fruiting Bramble), Lonicera periclymenum (English Elm Bush), Myrica gale (wild_shrub)
Alder, Oak, Apple and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
Lonicera periclymenum (especially in the Atlantic floral province)
Herb Layer
F9a regular: Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Melampyrum pratense (common_cow_wheat), Deschampsia flexuosa (lush_grass), Dryopteris dilatata (fern_1, bracken, fern), Dryopteris carthusiana (fern_1), Potentilla erecta (birdsfoot_trefoil), Carex pilulifera (bottle_sedge), Holcus mollis (dry_reeds), Galium saxatile (sweet_woodruff), Ceratocapnos claviculata (wild_parsley), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry_bush), Maianthemum bifolium (sweet_woodruff), Trientalis europaea (greater_wood_rush), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry), Athyrium filix-femina (fern_1, bracken, fern);
F9b moist: Molinia caerulea (sweet_grass), Erica tetralix (cross_leaved_heath), Carex nigra (deergrass), Lysimachia vulgaris (sweet_woodruff), Juncus effusus (rushes), Agrostis canina (green_meadow_fescue), Hydrocotyle vulgaris (sweet_woodruff)
Fangorn Forest, as well as forests in northern Minhiriath and surrounding Lórien
