F76
Norman-Belgian (sessile oak-)beech forests (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea) with Ilex aquifolium, Luzula sylvatica, partly Luzula forsteri
Description
Mainly beech forests with varying proportions of Quercus petraea. The stands have a relatively dense leaf canopy and a shrub layer in which Ilex aquifolium dominates and which can form dense, high shrubs. Undergrowth with sweet-grasses and acidophytic mosses on silicate substrate.
Tree Layer
Fagus sylvatica dominating (Common Beech), admixed Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Quercus robur (Common Oak), comparatively rarely Betula pendula (Silver Birch), Populus tremula (European Aspen)
Common Beech dominating, Sessile Oak, Common Oak, comparatively rarely Silver Birch and European Aspen
Shrub Layer
Ilex aquifolium (Holly), Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan), Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn), Betula pendula (Silver Birch), Populus tremula (European Aspen), Malus sylvestris (Crab Apple) and Mespilus germanica (Dogwood); on moist soils Betula pubescens (Downy Birch)
Holly, Rowan, Alder Buckthorn, Silver Birch, European Aspen, Crab Apple, Apple, Downy Birch. Additionally Oak, Alder, Apple and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
Hedera helix (ivy-variant trees), Lonicera periclymenum (English Elm Bush) (both can be developed as lianas or can be restricted to the herb layer)
Herb Layer
Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), Deschampsia flexuosa (lush_grass), Luzula sylvatica (greater_wood_rush), Luzula pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Anthoxanthum odoratum (timothy_grass), Holcus mollis (dry_reeds), Carex pilulifera (bottle_sedge), Melampyrum pratense (common_cow_wheat), Teucrium scorodonia (sweet_woodruff), Hypericum pulchrum (birdsfoot_trefoil), Solidago virgaurea (goldenrod), Polypodium vulgare (fern, bracken); in moist places Molinia caerulea (sweet_grass)
Bilberry_bush, lush_grass, greater_wood_rush, timothy_grass, dry_reeds, bottle_sedge, common_cow_wheat, sweet_woodruff, birdsfoot_trefoil, goldenrod, fern, bracken, sweet_grass
Forests in Minhiriath, Enedwaith and Hollin
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