F41
East Polish-Ukrainian lime-pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata) without Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, with Galium schultesii
Description
Two- to three-layered tree layer, with mostly a 60-80 % coverage (deciduous trees, regionally also conifers - mostly pine - as a secondary type of tree); the shrub layer has a 20-40 % coverage (deciduous forest); the herb layer has a 70-90 % coverage (mesophilous to hygrophilous deciduous forest herbs, in poorer forms also grasses and sparsely distributed dwarf shrubs); moss layer absent or weakly developed (and then only a few bryophytes).
F41a: Regular
F41b: Moist
Tree Layer
Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), Quercus robur (Common Oak) (in the western part also Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak)), Tilia cordata (Common Linden), Acer platanoides (Field Maple); sparsely in moist formations Ulmus (English Elm), Fraxinus excelsior (Common Ash) and occasionally Alnus glutinosa (Common Alder)
Hornbeam, Common Oak, Sessile Oak, Common Linden, Field Maple.
41b (moist areas): also English Elm, Common Ash, Common Alder
Shrub Layer
Corylus avellana (Hazel), Euonymus verrucosa (Wild Pear), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Crataegus spp. (Hawthorn), Rubus idaeus (Fruiting Bramble), Lonicera xylosteum (Fruiting Hawthorn Bush)
Lianas
Hedera helix, mostly only vegetative (as far as to the altitude of snow covering)
Herb Layer
F41a regular: Galium schultesii (sweet_woodruff), Carex pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Melampyrum nemorosum (nettles), Ranunculus cassubicus (wild_parsley), Isopyrum thalictroides (wild_parsley), Stellaria holostea (grass); Anemone nemorosa (ABSENT), Anemone ranunculoides (ABSENT), Lamium galeobdolon (wild_parsley), Aegopodium podagraria (horse_chestnut_tree_sapling), Asarum europaeum (wild_parsley), Corydalis cava (ABSENT), Corydalis solida (sweet_woodruff), Hepatica nobilis (ABSENT), Calamagrostis arundinacea (greater_fen_sedge), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush)
F41b moist formationsalso: Festuca gigantea (woodland_sedge), Circaea lutetiana (sweet_woodruff), Stachys sylvatica (purple_wolfs_bane) and other hygrophilous Alno-Ulmion species
Forests in Nahardor
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