F33
Cantabrian-Euscaldian mixed oak-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Tilia platyphyllos, Fagus sylvatica) with Polystichum setiferum, Pulmonaria affinis, Stellaria holostea, Potentilla sterilis
Description
In the closed tree layer pedunculate oak and ash predominate with variable proportions. The species-rich and in part evergreen shrub layer is usually dominated by Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea and Ilex aquifolium. Evergreen Mediterranean species are frequently added, and a lower shrub layer is developed with mainly winter and evergreen trees. Lianas play an important role, particularly Hedera helix, Tamus communis, Lonicera periclymenum and Rubia peregrina. The herb layer is usually luxuriantly developed, species-rich and contains many hemicryptophytes as well as large-leaved ferns. The moss layer on the other hand is usually weakly developed.
Tree Layer
Quercus robur (Common Oak), Fraxinus excelsior (Ash), locally admixed in differentiating portions Acer campestre (Field Maple), Ulmus glabra (Elm), Tilia platyphyllos (Common Linden), Castanea sativa (Horse Chestnut), Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech), occasionally Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Quercus pyrenaica (Sessile Oak (tiny-medium)), Acer pseudoplatanus (Field Maple), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), Acer opalus (Field Maple (small-medium)), Quercus ilex (Holm Oak), Ulmus minor (Elm)
Common Oak, Ash, locally admixed Field Maple, Elm, Common Linden, Horse Chestnut, Common Beech, occassioanlly Sessile Oak, Hornbeam, Holm Oak and Elm
Shrub Layer
Corylus avellana (Hazel), Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Cornus sanguinea (Fruiting Dogwood), Ilex aquifolium (Holly), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Ligustrum vulgare (Elder Bush), Prunus avium (Common Linden), Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), Crataegus laevigata (Hawthorn), Sambucus nigra (Elder), Salix atrocinerea (Crack Willow), Viburnum opulus (Linden Bush), locally Rhamnus cathartica (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn), Lonicera xylosteum (Fruiting Hawthorn), Laurus nobilis (Bay Laurel), Rhamnus alaternus (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn); lower shrub layer: Ruscus aculeatus (Fruiting Holly Bush), Rubus ulmifolius (Fruiting Bramble), Daphne laureola (Blackthorn Bush), Rubus fruticosus agg. (Fruiting Bramble), locally Rosa arvensis (wild_shrub), Rosa sempervirens (Elm Bush)
Oak, Apple, Alder and Cherry saplings
Lianas
Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Tamus communis, Rubia peregrina (incl. subsp. longifolia), Smilax aspera, Clematis vitalba
Herb Layer
Brachypodium sylvaticum (lush_grass), Primula acaulis (wild_parsley), Conopodium majus (horse_chestnut_tree_sapling), Sanicula europaea (oxeye_daisy), Helleborus viridis subsp. Occidentalis (greater_wood_rush), Isopyrum thalictroides (wild_parsley), Brachypodium pinnatum subsp. Rupestre (green_meadow_fescue), Carex sylvatica (woodland_sedge), Ceratocapnos claviculata (wild_parsley), Pulmonaria affinis (sweet_woodruff), Pulmonaria longifolia (sweet_woodruff), Euphorbia amygdaloides (green_spruge), Euphorbia dulcis (sweet_woodruff), Melica uniflora (lush_grass), Mercurialis perennis (dogs_mercury), Potentilla sterilis (bilberry_bush), Viola reichenbachiana (sweet_woodruff), Circaea lutetiana (sweet_woodruff), Ranunculus ficaria (wild_parsley), Ranunculus nemorosus (wild_parsley), Stellaria holostea (grass), Polygonatum multiflorum (lily_of_the_valley), Geranium robertianum (melancholy_thistle), Arum italicum (sweet_woodruff), Symphytum tuberosum (sweet_woodruff), Iris foetidissima (greater_wood_rush), Carex umbrosa (deergrass), Polystichum setiferum (bracken), Dryopteris affinis (fern_1, bracken, fern), Athyrium filix-femina (fern_1, bracken, fern), Asplenium scolopendrium (harts_tongue_fern), Dryopteris filix-mas (fern_1, bracken, fern), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Blechnum spicant (fern_1, fern)
Forests in the western Druwaith Iaur
