F2
East Irish-British oak forests (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), mostly with Betula pubescens, Ilex aquifolium, with Blechnum spicant, Conopodium majus, Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Description
Mostly a closed tree layer, consisting of oak trees (usually Quercus petraea, locally Quercus robur and hybrids) and birches (mostly Betula pubescens, sometimes Betula pendula and hybrids). Frequently lower than 15 m, at exposed sites sometimes also much shorter. The shrub layer is very variable regarding its height and degree of coverage, on better quality soils it features Sorbus aucuparia, Ilex aquifolium and Corylus avellana, locally with Juniperus and Populus tremula. A dense herb layer with a high proportion of dwarf shrubs (Vaccinium myrtillus, Calluna vulgaris), and frequently grasses and herbs also predominate.
Tree Layer
Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Betula pubescens (Downy Birch), Quercus robur (Common Oak), Betula pendula (Silver Birch)
Sessile Oak, Common Oak, Downy Birch, Silver Birch
Should a fair number of incorporate regular trees, not just thins! Also mostly regular size, very few large variants -> canopy isn’t that tall
Loads of moss!
Shrub Layer
Ilex aquifolium (Holly), Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan), Populus tremula (European Aspen), Corylus avellana (Hazel), Lonicera periclymenum (Elm Bush), Rubus fruticosus agg. (Bramble with Berries), Rubus idaeus (Bramble with Berries)
Oak, Apple, Alder, Willow and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
Lonicera periclymenum, Hedera helix
Herb Layer
Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Anthoxanthum odoratum (timothy_grass), Agrostis capillaris (sweet_grass), Deschampsia flexuosa (lush_grass), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), Calluna vulgaris (heather), Potentilla erecta (birdsfoot_trefoil), Veronica officinalis (wild_parsley), Holcus mollis (dry_reeds), Teucrium scorodonia (sweet_woodruff), Hedera helix, Primula acaulis (wild_parsley), Galium saxatile (sweet_woodruff), Luzula sylvatica (greater_wood_rush), Blechnum spicant (fern_1, fern), Oreopteris limbosperma (fern_1, fern), Luzula pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Veronica chamaedrys (sweet_woodruff), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry), Agrostis vinealis (timothy_grass)
Forests throughout central Eriador, Forlindon and parts of western Dunland.
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