F154
Macedonian-Thracian beech and fir-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica subsp. moesiaca, Abies borisii-regis, Abies alba) with Pulmonaria rubra
Description
Three-layered high forest (as cathedral forest in its mature stage) consisting of beech or beech with fir (A.
borisii-regis, A. alba), with added Acer heldreichii and Acer pseudoplatanus; at the upper forest line it is poorer
growing with a sabre-like growth of the stems due to the effects of snow; the shrub layer is weakly developed to
absent, and only stronger in regeneration stages; the herb layer is weakly developed (a maximum of 20 % coverage).
Biome:
Trees: Common Beech mostly dominating; admixed Bulgarian Fir, Silver Fir, Field Maple, Rowan; regionally Norway Spruce
Include trees with mistletoe
Shrubs: Fruiting Bramble, Fruiting Blackthorn Bush, Juniper Bush
Rare or absent
Undergrowth: blackberry_bush, sweet_woodruff, wild_parsley, thick_fern, woodland_sedge,
autumnal_dwarf_birch, green_meadow_fescue, lush_grass, fern_1, bracken, fern, wormwood, dogs_mercury,
oxeye_daisy, orange_tree_sapling, alpine_bearberry, marsh_ragwort, wood_horsetail, melancholy_thistle,
greater_wood_rush, timothy_grass, bilberry_bush, greater_fen_sedge, green_spurge
Very sparse (20% coverage or less)
Tree Layer
Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech) mostly dominating, admixed Abies borisii-regis (Bulgarian Fir), Abies alba (Silver
Fir), Acer heldreichii (Field Maple (tiny-medium)), Acer pseudoplatanus (Field Maple), Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan),
regionally Picea abies (Norway Spruce)
Shrub Layer
Young growth of trees, Rubus idaeus (Fruiting Bramble), Daphne mezereum (Fruiting Blackthorn Bush), locally
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Juniper Bush); epihytes: Viscum album subsp. abietis (trees with mistletoe)
Lianas
Rubus hirtus (blackberry_bush)
Herb Layer
a) Galium odoratum (sweet_woodruff), Lamium galeobdolon agg. (wild_parsley), Epilobium montanum (thick_fern),
Hordelymus europaeus (woodland_sedge), Cardamine bulbifera (autumnal_dwarf_birch), Galium rotundifolium
(wild_parsley), Milium effusum (green_meadow_fescue), Poa nemoralis (lush_grass), Dryopteris filix-mas (fern_1, bracken, fern), Viola reichenbachiana (sweet_woodruff), Neottia nidus-avis (wormwood), Aremonia agrimonoides (dogs_mercury), Sanicula europaea (oxeye_daisy), b) Pulmonaria rubra (sweet_woodruff), Symphytum ottomanum (orange_tree_sapling), Doronicum austriacum (sweet_woodruff), Adoxa moschatellina (wild_parsley), Soldanella rhodopaea (alpine_bearberry), Senecio nemorensis (marsh_ragwort), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry), Dryopteris dilatata (fern_1, bracken, fern), Polygonatum verticillatum (wood_horsetail), Prenanthes purpurea (melancholy_thistle), Luzula sylvatica (greater_wood_rush), Luzula luzuloides (timothy_grass), Orthilia secunda (wild_parsley), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), c) Geranium macrorrhizum (wild_parsley), Calamagrostis arundinacea (greater_fen_sedge), Euphorbia amygdaloides (green_spurge), Polystichum lonchitis (fern_1, bracken, fern), Saxifraga rotundifolia (wild_parsley)
Valleys in Lossarnach
