F15
Euscaldian and south Aquitanian mixed oak forests (Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, partly Quercus pyrenaica, Sorbus torminalis) with Ilex aquifolium, Blechnum spicant, Pyrus cordata, Pulmonaria longifolia, Hypericum androsaemum
Description
Three-layered closed mixed forests, dominated by Quercus petraea or Quercus robur, and partially by Fagus sylvatica. Tilia cordata and Quercus pyrenaica are companions. Castanea sativa is not rare, and in addition to Sorbus torminalis there is also Populus tremula occasionally. In the species-rich shrub layer that reveals a two-layered construction Corylus avellana dominates. The rich herb layer consists mainly of oligotrophic Quercetalia and heath species.
Tree Layer
Quercus robur (Common Oak), Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Quercus pyrenaica (Sessile Oak (small-medium), Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech), Castanea sativa (introduced) (Horse Chestnut), Tilia cordata (Common Linden), Sorbus torminalis (Wild Service Tree), Populus tremula (European Aspen), Betula pendula (Silver Birch)
Common Oak, Sessile Oak, Sessile Oak (small-medium), Common Beech, Horse Chestnut, Common Linden, Wild Service Tree and European Aspen
Shrub Layer
Young growth of trees, Ilex aquifolium (Holly), Pyrus cordata (Wild Pear), Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn), Mespilus germanica (Dogwood), Corylus avellana (Hazel), Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn), Erica arborea (Greek Juniper Bush); lower shrub layer: Ruscus aculeatus (Fruiting Holly Bush), Rosa arvensis (wild_shrub), Rubus caesius (blackberry_bush), Rubus ulmifolius (Fruiting Bramble)
Oak, Apple, Alder, Willow and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
Hedera helix, Lonicera periclymenum, Tamus communis, Rubia peregrina (distinctively more rare)
Herb Layer
Melampyrum pratense (common_cow_wheat), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Solidago virgaurea (goldenrod), Agrostis capillaris (sweet_grass), Viola riviniana (ABSENT), Deschampsia flexuosa (lush_grass), Veronica officinalis (wild_parsley), Potentilla erecta (birdsfoot_trefoil), Potentilla montana (wild_parsley), Potentilla sterilis (bilberry_bush), Holcus mollis (dry_reeds), Teucrium scorodonia (sweet_woodruff), Hedera helix, Lathyrus linifolius, Blechnum spicant (fern_1, fern), Luzula sylvatica (greater_wood_rush), Luzula pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Hypericum pulchrum (birdsfoot_trefoil), Hypericum androsaemum (wild_shrub), Pulmonaria affinis (sweet_woodruff), Pulmonaria longifolia (sweet_woodruff), Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium (woodland_sedge), Daboecia cantabrica (cross_leaved_heath), Erica vagans (heather), Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), Athyrium filix-femina (fern_1, bracken, fern)
Forests in central Druwaith Iaur
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