F135
Carpathian fir-beech and spruce-fir-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies) with Cardamine glanduligera, Symphytum tenuifolium, partly with Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra
Description
Tall-growing beech- or more often fir-beech cathedral forests with a closed crown canopy (80-90%). Fagus sylvatica is the stand-forming tree species while Abies alba often plays an important role as a secondary tree species; Picea abies gains importance particularly at higher altitudes; the shrub layer is only weakly developed or completely absent. The herb layer (60-90%) often reveals a mosaic structure and consists mainly of short or moderate-height, broad-leaved dicotyledon herbs. The moss layer is very weakly developed and represented only in the base-poor forms by a number of bryophytes.
Tree Layer
Fagus sylvatica (purple) dominating, admixed with a changing proportion of Abies alba (grey), Picea abies (pink), Acer pseudoplatanus (brown), Ulmus glabra (magenta).
Shrub Layer
Predominantly young growth of beech and fir (sparsely, if at all), isolated Daphne mezereum, Corylus avellana, Sambucus racemosa, Lonicera xylosteum, Lonicera alpigena, Ribes uva-crispa
Lianas
Rubus hirtus.
Herb Layer
Actaea spp., Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis bulbosa, Cardamine glanduligera, Symphytum tenuifolium, partly with Symphytum cordatum, Pulmonaria rubra (regionally also Pulmonaria officinalis), Carex sylvatica, Dryopteris filix-mas, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Galium odoratum, Lamium galeobdolon, Lamium spp., Mercurialis perennis, Oxalis acetosella, Paris quadrifolia, Polystichum spp., Lactuca purpurea, Salvia glutinosa, Sanicula europaea, partly with Symphytum tuberosum (regionally), Veronica montana, Viola reichenbachiana; in the moister formation: Allium ursinum, Corydalis cava, Athyrium filix-femina, Circaea lutetiana, Stachys sylvatica.
Moss layer (incl. lichens)
Sparsely Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune in the poorest formations.
Northern slopes of the White Mountains
