F131
Galium odoratum-fir-beech forests (Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba), partly with Picea abies, in southwest Central Europe and the north Alps
Description
Two- to three-layered, very growthy fir-beech mixed forests that with age are dominated in height by conifers that lead in growth (Abies alba, sometimes Picea abies); apart from upgrowths of tree species the shrub layer is only weakly developed; species-rich herb layer consisting of hemicryptophytes and geophytes (herbs, grasses, sedges, montane and subalpine tall-forbs), primarily Fagetalia species, but always also a number of acid indicators and/or Vaccinio-Piceetalia species; a weakly developed moss layer.
F131a: Regular
F131b: Moist
F131c: Wildflower meadow
Tree Layer
F131a and b: Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech), Abies alba (locally dominating) (Silver Fir), Picea abies (Norway Spruce), Acer pseudoplatanus admixed (Field Maple), Ulmus glabra (Elm)
Common Beech, Silver Fir locally dominating, Norway Spruce, Field Maple admixed, Elm
Shrub Layer
F131a and b: rejuvenation of the tree species, Lonicera nigra (Fruiting Blackthorn Bush), Sambucus racemosa (Fruiting Rowan)
Alder, Apple, Willow, Downy Willow, Spruce and Pine saplings
Lianas
No detail
Herb Layer
F131a regular: Galium odoratum (sweet_woodruff), Galium rotundifolium (wild_parsley), Cardamine bulbifera (autumnal_dwarf_birch), Cardamine trifolia (in the eastern part) (autumnal_dwarf_birch), Dryopteris filix-mas (fern_1, bracken, fern), Mycelis muralis (marsh_ragwort), Viola reichenbachiana (sweet_woodruff), Lamium montanum (nettles), Phyteuma spicatum (sweet_woodruff), Carex sylvatica (woodland_sedge), Festuca altissima (bottle_sedge), Impatiens noli-tangere (buttercups), Brachypodium sylvaticum (lush_grass), Milium effusum (green_meadow_fescue), Athyrium filix-femina (fern_1, bracken, fern), Dryopteris dilatata (fern_1, bracken, fern), Gymnocarpium dryopteris (fern_1), Blechnum spicant (fern_1, fern), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry);
F131b moist: Festuca gigantea (woodland_sedge), Lysimachia nemorum (sweet_woodruff), Deschampsia cespitosa (bottle_sedge), Equisetum sylvaticum (wood_horsetail);
F131c wildflower meadow: Polygonatum verticillatum (wood_horsetail), Prenanthes purpurea (melancholy_thistle), Senecio ovatus (marsh_ragwort), Petasites albus (sweet_woodruff), Stellaria nemorum (sweet_woodruff), Cicerbita alpina (alpine_sow_thistle), Veronica urticifolia (nettles), Adenostyles alliariae (sweet_woodruff, rock_rose)
Forests in eastern Rhudaur, the upper Vale of Anduin and the southern slopes of the Blue Mountains
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