F12
Central European-southwest Sarmatian subcontinental mixed pine-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris), partly with Carpinus betulus, with Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Trientalis europaea, Chamaecytisus ruthenicus, Carex digitata, Melica nutans, locally alternating with pine forests (Pinus sylvestris)
Description
Closed, three- to four-layered forests with a stratified tree layer (up to 35 m, stand often 2-layered with an upper layer of pine and a lower layer of oaks), well developed shrub layer (10-40 %), closed herb layer (30-50 %) of dwarf shrubs, herbs and grasses, and a moss layer with a 10-40 % degree of coverage.
Tree Layer
Quercus robur (Common Oak), in the western part also Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak), Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine), isolated Populus tremula (European Aspen), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam), Picea abies (Norway Spruce), Betula pendula admixed (Silver Birch)
Common Oak, Scots Pine, isolated European Aspen, Hornbeam, and Norway Spruce, Silver Birch admixed and Sessile Oak in the west
Shrub Layer
Young growth of trees, Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan), Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn), Corylus avellana (Hazel), Juniperus communis (Juniper), Rubus saxatilis (Fruiting Bramble), Rubus idaeus (Fruiting Bramble), Euonymus verrucosa (Wild Pear), Pyrus pyraster (Wild Pear)
Oak, Apple, Alder, Spruce and Pine saplings
Lianas
No details
Herb Layer
Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry_bush), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry_bush), Luzula pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Festuca ovina (bottle_sedge), Dryopteris carthusiana (fern_1), Maianthemum bifolium (sweet_woodruff), Trientalis europaea (greater_wood_rush), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Melampyrum pratense subsp. Commutatum (common_cow_wheat), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry), Fragaria vesca (lingonberry_bush [age=7]), Calamagrostis arundinacea (greater_fen_sedge), Veronica officinalis (wild_parsley), Potentilla erecta (birdsfoot_trefoil), Solidago virgaurea (goldenrod), Agrostis capillaris (sweet_grass), Anthoxanthum odoratum (timothy_grass), Calluna vulgaris (heather), Pyrola rotundifolia (wild_parsley), Orthilia secunda (wild_parsley), Hieracium lachenalii (dandelion), Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (wild_shrub), Galium schultesii (sweet_woodruff), Melica nutans (woodland_sedge), Carex digitata (woodland_sedge), Polygonatum odoratum (lily_of_the_valley), Convallaria majalis (lily_of_the_valley), Anemone nemorosa (ABSENT), Viola reichenbachiana (sweet_woodruff), Veronica chamaedrys (sweet_woodruff)
Eastern Mirkwood
