D19
Baltic-northwest Sarmatian herb-rich mixed broad-leaved-spruce forests (Picea abies, Picea abies x Picea obovata, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, in the west partly with Carpinus betulus) with Corylus avellana, Euonymus verrucosa, Lamium galeobdolon, Stellaria holostea
Description
A spaciously distributed mapping unit occupying a wide range of sites with a clear north-south as well as a west-east gradient. Mainly meso- to eutraphent herb-rich broad-leaved spruce mixed woods sometimes dominating with spruce and sometimes with nemoral deciduous trees. In the undergrowth there are mainly demanding nemoral shrub and herb species comparable with the south-west and southern neighbouring oak-hornbeam and small-leaved lime-pedunculate oak forests. The tree layer is closed as a rule and luxuriant; the shrub layer is open; the herb layer is often continuously covering, with a geophyte-rich spring aspect, sometimes fern-rich; the moss layer is usually sparse.
Tree Layer
predominately Picea abies (Norway Spruce), with different shares of Tilia cordata (Common Linden), Acer platanoides (Field Maple), Quercus robur (Common Oak), Fraxinus excelsior (Ash), Ulmus glabra (Elm) (broad-leaved trees partly in the underwood)
Predominantly Norway Spruce, with different shares of Common Linden, Field Maple, Common Oak, Ash and Elm
Shrub Layer
Young growth of the tree species; Corylus avellana (Hazel), Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan), Euonymus verrucosa (Wild Pear), Daphne mezereum (Fruiting Blackthorn Bush), Lonicera xylosteum (Fruiting Hawthorn Bush), Malus sylvestris (Crab Apple), Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn), Viburnum opulus (Linden Bush), Rubus idaeus (Fruiting Bramble), Euonymus europaea (Spindle), Ribes alpinum (wild_shrub), Rhamnus cathartica (Fruiting Alder Buckthorn)
Spruce, Pine, Alder, Oak, Apple, Willow and Downy Willow saplings
Lianas
No details
Herb Layer
Stellaria holostea (grass), Lamium galeobdolon (wild_parsley), Milium effusum (green_meadow_fescue), Carex pilosa (greater_wood_rush), Mercurialis perennis (dogs_mercury), Pulmonaria obscura (sweet_woodruff), Actaea spicata (blackberry_bush), Melampyrum nemorosum (nettles), Viola mirabilis (wild_parsley), Paris quadrifolia (sweet_woodruff), Galium odoratum (sweet_woodruff), Lathyrus vernus (sweet_woodruff), Hepatica nobilis (ABSENT), Aegopodium podagraria (horse_chestnut_tree_sapling), Ajuga reptans (sweet_woodruff); Anemone nemorosa (ABSENT), Anemone ranunculoides (ABSENT), Asarum europaeum (wild_parsley), Gagea lutea (greater_wood_rush), Ranunculus ficaria (wild_parsley), Oxalis acetosella (alpine_bearberry), Fragaria vesca (lingonberry_bush [age=2]), Convallaria majalis (sweet_woodruff), Carex digitata (woodland_sedge); Dryopteris carthusiana (fern_1), Dryopteris dilatata (fern_1, bracken, fern), Dryopteris filix-mas (fern_1, bracken, fern), Dryopteris expansa (fern_1, bracken, fern), Gymnocarpium dryopteris (fern_1), Athyrium filix-femina (fern_1, bracken, fern), Phegopteris connectilis (bracken), Equisetum sylvaticum (wood_horsetail), Urtica dioica (wild_overgrown_nettles), Festuca gigantea (woodland_sedge), Stachys sylvatica (purple_wolfs_bane)
Forests south of the Iron Hills
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