Hypothetical stand structure based on the occurrence of occasional tree and heath vegetation, since this forest type has been almost completely transformed: open, mostly low birch forest with Sorbus aucuparia and Ilex aquifolium, locally with Taxus baccata and Populus tremula, particularly at rocky sites. The largely implanted Pinus sylvestris will probably become an integral part of the community in some areas. The shrub layer consists mainly of Salix species, perhaps also Juniperus, in addition to upgrowths of the tree layer. A well-developed dwarf shrub layer is formed from Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Calluna vulgaris and - particularly at high altitudes - Empetrum nigrum. In the herb layer, grasses such as Luzula sylvatica, Deschamspia flexuosa and ferns dominate. The moss layer is well developed.